Beafro - Batailles Bataille d'Abagana Données clés modifier La guerre du Biafra est une guerre civile au Nigeria qui s'est déroulée du 6 juillet 1967 au 15 janvier 1970 et a été déclenchée par la sécession de la région orientale du Nigeria, qui s'autoproclame République du Biafra sous la direction du colonel Ojukwu . Le blocus terrestre et maritime du Biafra par les …

 
Biafran Declaration of Independence. This is a political declaration of Biafra published after a period of time when the military governor of Eastern Nigeria had taken a critical stance against the people who carried out the July, 1966, coup. Lt. Col. C. O. Ojukwu denied the legitimacy of the coup leaders to rule and also claimed that the rest .... Rogers and hammerstein

He said: “The IYC is using this medium to inform the Federal Government of Nigeria and the Nigerian military that all the areas mentioned are not part of Biafra and can never be part of Biafra ...Lt. Col. Odumegwu Ojukwu, left, takes the oath of office shortly after a declaration of independence and the formation of the new state of Biafra on June 10, 1967. ‘One of the most critical, systematic and lucid analyses of the unravelling of the pre-Civil War social order in Nigeria. Daly takes legal history and unfurls it as social history - and vice versa - in a vivid and intense narrative of the shape of everyday life in the secessionist enclave of Biafra and beyond. In 1967, just seven years after declaring independence from British colonization, a civil war erupted in Nigeria that left millions of civilians dead and the country known as the “Giant of Africa” fractured and reeling.Biafra and the U.S.-Nigeria Relationship. The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) is a separatist movement that seeks to recreate Biafra as an independent state. From 1967-70, there was a civil war ...Byafra (que até 1998 adotava o pseudônimo com 'i' - Biafra), nome artístico de Maurício Pinheiro Reis, (Niterói, 15 de outubro de 1957) é um cantor brasileir...March 21, 2024. By. Daily Post Staff. Biafra Republic Government In-Exile has officially launched its Biafracoin Cryptocurrency website for easy savings and wealth creation for Biafrans and other ...In a groundbreaking move, the Biafra Republic government in Exile, spearheaded by Finnish-based lawyer Ekpa, has officially announced the adoption of a new digital currency, Biafracoin. This initiative, facilitated through the Biafra Digital Currency Act 04/2024, enables the exiled government to issue Biafracoin to Biafrans, pegging its value ...Biafra is the name that Biafran nationalists give to the south-eastern region of the Republic of Nigeria. Biafra lies between the lower reaches of the Niger River and its mouth, the Gulf of Biafra (or Bonny), and the Cameroonian border. It spans over 1/12 of Nigeria’s territory; its population, among which the Igbo are in the majority, is 21% ...The 'media warriors' calling for death on Facebook. The BBC investigates a network of Nigerian separatists outside the country urging violence online. Africa. 21 Oct 2021.Fifty years on, Nigeria’s civil war, also known as the Biafra war, was one of the most divisive conflicts in post-independent Africa.Enter Biafra is a channel that disseminates information about the right to self-determination of Biafrans intending to bring together revolutionary, activists, worker’s movements, non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations, lobby-groups under the need to pursue the struggle for the actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra and …Mar 1, 2023 · Abstract. This article explores the role of social media in the memorialisation of the Biafra famine. It argues that given the absence of Biafra famine narratives in the official post-Civil War memory spaces in Nigeria, social media has emerged as a site where silence and hegemonic discourses around the Biafra famine are disrupted, contested and unmoored. In the late 1960s, a rebellion in West Africa resulted in brutal warfare, the world's first televised famine, an incredible humanitarian intervention, and the birth of several aid organizations including Concern Worldwide.Trax FM 103.3. 1 Power Hitz. Vibes Fm Radio. Top 10 English Radio Stations. loading... Radio Biafra - is an online radio station from English. With a simple click listen to English radio and more than 90000+ AM, FM, and online radio stations.Biafra is an African nation of about 65 million people located in the south-east of present-day Nigeria that existed prior to the advent of colonialism in the continent. As an independent state, Biafra carried out its trade and commerce with other neighboring countries before its forceful Amalgamation with the Northern and Western Parts of the ...Biafran public support for continuing to fight was universal and robust, with or without the relief action. By 1969, however, the situation had changed. Nigeria’s army in 1967 was small, poorly led, and dangerous when unleashed at the community level. Prolonging Biafra’s existence to 1969 had profound survival effects.Canal oficial do cantor e compositor Byafra (Biafra).Contato:RW Produções55 (21) 9.9737-8199 [email protected] a quiet, dusty and fairly secluded corner of Enugu city, south-eastern Nigeria, a group of men unfurled a homemade flag and then sang. "Biafra will live forever. Nothing will stop us," was the ...March 21, 2024. By. Daily Post Staff. Biafra Republic Government In-Exile has officially launched its Biafracoin Cryptocurrency website for easy savings and wealth creation for Biafrans and other ...Jul 21, 2010 · After suffering through years of suppression under Nigeria’s military government, the breakaway state of Biafra proclaims its independence from Nigeria. In 1960, Nigeria gained independence from ... Batailles Bataille d'Abagana Données clés modifier La guerre du Biafra est une guerre civile au Nigeria qui s'est déroulée du 6 juillet 1967 au 15 janvier 1970 et a été déclenchée par la sécession de la région orientale du Nigeria, qui s'autoproclame République du Biafra sous la direction du colonel Ojukwu . Le blocus terrestre et maritime du Biafra par les …Il Biafra, ufficialmente la Repubblica del Biafra, ebbe una vita breve come Stato secessionista nel sud-est della Nigeria.Esistette dal 30 maggio 1967 al 15 gennaio 1970. Il Capo di Stato Maggiore annunciò formalmente la capitolazione il 12 gennaio. Il Paese prese nome dal Golfo del Biafra, sul quale si affacciava.. Gli abitanti erano per lo più la gente …Aloy Ejimakor, the lead Counsel of Nnamdi Kanu, leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra, IPOB, Nnamdi Kanu, on Friday said it was ironical that theBiafra TV. 209,355 likes · 1,107 talking about this. Biafra Television was first established in 2014 as an independent broadcasting outfit. Start your unlimited Newsweek trial. All is now set for the Supreme Court to deliver judgment to decide the fate of the leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra, IPOB, Nnamdi Kanu, today, Friday ... Le punk est-il toujours vivant ? Alors que débute à Paris l'exposition Europunk, nous avons posé la question (et bien d'autres) à Jello Biafra, leader engagé...It is been 50 years since the end of the Biafra war in which millions of people died in Nigeria. Survivors share their accounts of wartime horrors.Thank You for Supporting Newlife Prayer Centre & Church.Remember to Click the SUBSCRIBE BUTTON and Hit the Bell icon to stay updated with our latest videos. ...Due to some circumstances, we have decided to create a sister Channel to backup our official BIAFRA UNITE Channel. So please subscribe here and turn on you n...Made just for fun and passion for the music.FREE DOWNLOAD!!!https://soundcloud.com/djsam_soundcloud/could-you-be-levy-sam-afro-remixCould you be loved (acape...The PM's Corner. Public Service broadcast from Office of the Prime Minister of the Biafra Government in Exile (BGIE) To all Biafrans in the homeland and in diaspora. There comes a time in the life of a people when their physical survival, dignity, fundamental human rights, and indeed the very essence of their being endowed on them by their ...Canal oficial do cantor e compositor Byafra (Biafra).Contato:RW Produções55 (21) 9.9737-8199 [email protected] Republic of Biafra, The. The Republic of Biafra was a secessionist state at the center of a bloody three year civil war from 1967 to 1970, waged against the Nigerian government, and named for an Atlantic bay in southwestern Nigeria known as the Bight of Biafra. The leader of the secessionist movement was Igbo General Emeka Ojukwu, who had ... ‘One of the most critical, systematic and lucid analyses of the unravelling of the pre-Civil War social order in Nigeria. Daly takes legal history and unfurls it as social history - and vice versa - in a vivid and intense narrative of the shape of everyday life in the secessionist enclave of Biafra and beyond. ABC News’ Linsey Davis spoke with journalist and media executive Natasha S. Alford on "American Negra," which explores the intersectionality of race and culture as an Afro-Latina woman.Speaking in an interview before his present arrest and detention, Kanu stated vehemently that Biafra will come whether he is alive or dead. He stated that if he is dead, it is even better because his death will make Biafra come far more quicker. Watch the video below: Read Also: VIDEO: It’s Ridiculous To Believe Buhari Has Died — Obasanjo ...Biafra is an African nation of about 65 million people located in the south-east of present-day Nigeria that existed prior to the advent of colonialism in the continent. As an independent state, Biafra carried out its trade and commerce with other neighboring countries before its forceful Amalgamation with the Northern and Western Parts of the ...Biafra: BRGIE begins self-referendum E-voting for all Biafrans globally! The Biafra Republic Government in Exile, BRGIE has kickstarted Biafra Self-Referendu...Formed in 2012 by two UK-based Igbos, Nnamdi Kanu and Uche Mefor, as a peaceful movement, it launched an armed wing, the Eastern Security Network (ESN), in south …Nnamdi Kanu, the leader of a separatist group that wants a breakaway state in eastern Nigeria, has been arrested. His movement, the Indigenous People of Biafra (Ipob), has been labelled as a ...Afro-Cubans are most prevalent in the eastern part of the island and in districts of Havana. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously. While the 2012 National Census concluded that the majority of the population (64.1 per cent) of Cuba was white, with 26.6 per cent mestizo (mixed race) and ...BeAfro, San Jose, California. 165 likes · 8 talking about this. The Energy Organizers.🌤️ (Bay Area, DTX)The 'media warriors' calling for death on Facebook. The BBC investigates a network of Nigerian separatists outside the country urging violence online. Africa. 21 Oct 2021.Biafran Declaration of Independence. This is a political declaration of Biafra published after a period of time when the military governor of Eastern Nigeria had taken a critical stance against the people who carried out the July, 1966, coup. Lt. Col. C. O. Ojukwu denied the legitimacy of the coup leaders to rule and also claimed that the rest ...It's 50 years since the start of the Biafran war, one of Africa's bloodiest post-independence conflicts. What was the Nigerian conflict about and why does it still matter today? Our People. Biafrans are the Indigenous People and original inhabitants of Biafraland. Biafra comprises divergent ethnic groups that originated from one ancestry. This linguistic divergent but yet with same cultural affiliation consist of the Anioma, Efik, Ibibio, Idoma, Igala, Igbo, Igede, Ijaw, Ika, Ikwerre, Itsekiri, Ukwani, Urhobo, and many ... After two and a half devastating years, Biafra was defeated and reintegrated into Nigeria. Igbos, the ethnic group who made up most of Biafra’s population, made their peace with Nigeria’s military government or went into exile. Recently, Biafran activism—long buried by the dictatorships that ruled Nigeria after the war— has come to the ...BeAfro 🌤 . Empowering Entities to Identify Their Latent Potential. 🌤 ...Chika’s reporting goes beyond the headlines to explore culture, security, human rights and development in sub-Saharan Africa. She is passionate about helping Africans document their history and ...Jul 13, 2020 · Published: July 13, 2020 10:39am EDT. This year marks the 50th anniversary of the end of the Biafran conflict in 1970. The trigger for the conflict was the proclamation by Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu ... Jul 5, 2017 · It's 50 years since the start of the Biafran war, one of Africa's bloodiest post-independence conflicts. What was the Nigerian conflict about and why does it still matter today? More than 2 million lives: On January 15, 1970, the civil war in Nigeria finally ended. It was fought with the weapon of hunger and shook people all over the world. At the time, many Germans spoke ...The only unfortunate problem with Nigeria is that the lazy people which is the major population of the entire country believe hard work to be greed, what a sad people of the earth.Land of the Rising Sun. Die Republik Biafra war ein Staat, der 1967 unter Federführung der Volksgruppe der Igbo (veraltet Ibo) die Unabhängigkeit von Nigeria erklärte. Der Staat umfasste den südöstlichen Teil Nigerias einschließlich großer Erdölvorkommen im Nigerdelta und wurde von vier afrikanischen Staaten sowie von Haiti anerkannt. October 24, 2013– March 2, 2014. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art presents the rich and varied contributions of Latino artists in the United States since the mid-twentieth century, when the concept of a collective Latino identity began to emerge. Irizarry was active in New York City’s pop art ... Biafra is an African nation of about 65 million people located in the south-east of present-day Nigeria that existed prior to the advent of colonialism in the continent. As an independent state, Biafra carried out its trade and commerce with other neighboring countries before its forceful Amalgamation with the Northern and Western Parts of the ...#RubenRada #Biafra #PartedelaHistoriaRuben Rada – Parte de la Historia.“Biafra” (Ruben Rada) de Totem.Ruben Rada: Voz y Percusión Gustavo Montemurro: Teclado...THE apex socio-cultural organisation of Ijaw worldwide, the Ijaw National Congress, INC, has warned pro Biafran group, the Indigenous People of Biafra, to desist from dragging … Milan Balinton, executive director of the African American Community Service Agency in San Jose, said he attended BeAfro’s latest event at San Jose Bar and Grill on South Second Street on Feb. 18. In the late 1960s, a rebellion in West Africa resulted in brutal warfare, the world's first televised famine, an incredible humanitarian intervention, and the birth of several aid organizations including Concern Worldwide.The Republic of Biafra. This section addresses the basic events of the secessionist period in Nigeria. The primary sources presented here are almost exclusively items that were published or stated during the 1966-1970 period. This evidence includes speeches of leaders, government pronouncements, newspaper accounts and international reactions.I arrived in the Biafra capital of Enugu on the third day of the war. In London I had been copiously briefed by Gerald Watrous, head of the BBC’s West Africa Service.The Indigenous People of Biafra thrives on the grievances of the Nigeria-Biafra war (1967-1970). It regards the period of the war as the Biafran Genocide – 1 million people were reportedly ...Sonho de Icaro - Clipe Oficial do Fantástico Pertencentes aos Arquivos de Messias Junior...The Republic of Biafra. This section addresses the basic events of the secessionist period in Nigeria. The primary sources presented here are almost exclusively items that were published or stated during the 1966-1970 period. This evidence includes speeches of leaders, government pronouncements, newspaper accounts and international reactions.Come get the full experience the right way 🍷🎨 Less than 5 spots available 🚨 Hit the bio where it says “BeAfro x Nirvana Soul Paint N Sip,” for those who don’t want to miss out on this weekend’s …Abstract. This article explores the role of social media in the memorialisation of the Biafra famine. It argues that given the absence of Biafra famine narratives in the official post-Civil War memory spaces in Nigeria, social media has emerged as a site where silence and hegemonic discourses around the Biafra famine are disrupted, contested and …Nigeria, Africa’s most populous nation, has been crippled by multiple crises, including terrorism and unemployment. The country may now have another serious issue to deal with - separatism. It ...Unforgotten Biafra 50 Years Later. Fifty years ago, a civil war broke out in Nigeria (May 1967–January 1970), causing an estimated one million civilian deaths, mostly among starving children and the elderly, and more than 100 000 deaths among military forces on both sides. In 1967, for the first time ever, the massive impact of warfare on a ...This guide provides curated Library of Congress resources for researching Latinx Studies, including digitized primary source materials in a wide variety of formats, books and periodicals, online databases, and research strategies.San Jose-raised NFL player is energizing downtown. Chidobe Awuzie, center front, and members of The Energy Organizers are seen on the back patio of Fuze nightclub in …H Μπιάφρα, επισήμως Δημοκρατία της Μπιάφρα ( Republic of Biafra ), ήταν αποσχιστικό κράτος στη Δυτική Αφρική, το οποίο υπήρχε από τις 30 Μαΐου του 1967 έως τις 15 Ιανουαρίου του …After suffering through years of suppression under Nigeria’s military government, the breakaway state of Biafra proclaims its independence from Nigeria. In 1960, Nigeria gained independence from ...Aloy Ejimakor, the lead Counsel of Nnamdi Kanu, leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra, IPOB, Nnamdi Kanu, on Friday said it was ironical that theTewodros Kassahun Germamo (Amharic: ቴዎድሮስ ካሳሁን ገርማሞ; born 14 July 1976), known professionally as Teddy Afro, is an Ethiopian singer-songwriter.Known by his revolutionary songs and political dissent sentiment, Teddy is considered one of the most significant Ethiopian artists of all time. Teddy has had a huge cultural impact on the Ethiopian music …The following 37 files are in this category, out of 37 total. De-Biafra.ogg 1.6 s; 16 KB. 217 INTRODUCING THE BOOK Copy 0.jpg 217 × 300; 41 KB. 5N-83H ( CS-TLA) Constellation Faro 1984 (40844383534).jpg 2,374 × 1,582; 2.38 MB. Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation, Biafra - Government AN0417398.jpg 1,050 × 705; 666 KB.Shampoo hair by thoroughly lathering and rinsing completely. When conditioning, let the conditioner rest in your hair for 5-8 minutes to allow it to penetrate to the roots. Rinse it all, or let a small amount of conditioner remain in the hair to coat and protect. 2. Apply deep conditioning oils or creams.Formed in 2012 by two UK-based Igbos, Nnamdi Kanu and Uche Mefor, as a peaceful movement, it launched an armed wing, the Eastern Security Network (ESN), in south …Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty.The PM's Corner. Public Service broadcast from Office of the Prime Minister of the Biafra Government in Exile (BGIE) To all Biafrans in the homeland and in diaspora. There comes a time in the life of a people when their physical survival, dignity, fundamental human rights, and indeed the very essence of their being endowed on them by their ...Biafran War Memories is a digital archive of first-hand accounts of the 1967-1970 Nigerian Civil War, also known as Biafran war. It tells the personal stories of people and families who lived through such war. In this permanently updated virtual archive, stories are presented in the form of transcripts of interviews and video excerpts recorded ...Getty Images. Thousands have been killed in Cameroon since fighting broke out in 2016. Cameroon's five-year conflict could be taking a significant new turn with reports that its English-speaking ...With the second highest death-toll of all African conflicts, the Nigerian Civil war (also known as the Biafran war) is perhaps the single most significant ev...Enter Biafra is a channel that disseminates information about the right to self-determination of Biafrans intending to bring together revolutionary, activists, worker’s movements, non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations, lobby-groups under the need to pursue the struggle for the actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra and …Land of the Rising Sun. Die Republik Biafra war ein Staat, der 1967 unter Federführung der Volksgruppe der Igbo (veraltet Ibo) die Unabhängigkeit von Nigeria erklärte. Der Staat umfasste den südöstlichen Teil Nigerias einschließlich großer Erdölvorkommen im Nigerdelta und wurde von vier afrikanischen Staaten sowie von Haiti anerkannt.A network of Nigerian separatists based outside the country is using social media to call for violence and incite ethnic hatred against opponents of Biafran independence, a BBC investigation has ...Biafra Actualization Forum (BAF) was formed out of a real need to rescue Igbo people, land and culture from the merciless and brutal stranglehold of Nigeria, and accomplish this using peaceful means. Members of BAF are drawn from the Igbo and other Biafrans all over the world. BAF supports all persons, organizations and institutions who share ...

Live Interview With Bar. Ifeanyi Ejiofor On Radio Biafra Today, Sunday November 20th 2022. Welcome To The University Of Radio Biafra | Hausa - Service 2 | Host: Mazi Nwachineke | Dec 27, 2022. LIVE! TOUGH TALK ON RADIO BIAFRA WITH LOLO UCHECHI OKWU KANU, TODAY, SAT. 3RD SEPT 2022.. Like it to know it

beafro

The Nigerian separatist Nnamdi Kanu has pleaded not guilty to charges levelled against him by the authorities, including terrorism and treason. His appearance in court was the first time he had ...Biafra is an African nation of about 65 million people located in the south-east of present-day Nigeria that existed prior to the advent of colonialism in the continent. As an independent state, Biafra carried out its trade and commerce with other neighboring countries before its forceful Amalgamation with the Northern and Western Parts of the ...May 20, 2021 · Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces. Escalating pro-independence movements by Anglophone Cameroonians and Biafrans are igniting ethnic tensions and could threaten ... Nigeria. Biafra, secessionist western African state that unilaterally declared its independence from Nigeria in May 1967. It constituted the former Eastern Region of Nigeria and was inhabited principally by Igbo (Ibo) people. Biafra ceased to exist as an independent state in January 1970. In the mid-1960s economic and political instability and ... National flag of Biafra Flag ratio: 4:7. The flag of Biafra, used by the Republic of Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), consists of a horizontal tricolour of red, black, and green, charged with a golden rising sun over a golden bar. The eleven rays of the sun represent the eleven former provinces of Biafra. The rays are typically long and slender …Venafro (Venafrum in Latin, Venafrë in local dialect) has very ancient origins, dating back to the italic people of the Samnites, where in the III century B.C. fought against Rome during the …Enter Biafra is a channel that disseminates information about the right to self-determination of Biafrans intending to bring together revolutionary, activists, worker’s movements, non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations, lobby-groups under the need to pursue the struggle for the actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra and economic … Nigeria. Biafra, secessionist western African state that unilaterally declared its independence from Nigeria in May 1967. It constituted the former Eastern Region of Nigeria and was inhabited principally by Igbo (Ibo) people. Biafra ceased to exist as an independent state in January 1970. In the mid-1960s economic and political instability and ... #RubenRada #Biafra #PartedelaHistoriaRuben Rada – Parte de la Historia.“Biafra” (Ruben Rada) de Totem.Ruben Rada: Voz y Percusión Gustavo Montemurro: Teclado...Who is considered to be Afro Latino? Although, in the U.S., most people still relate “black” to African American, a 2016 study of the Pew Research Center revealed that 1 out of 4 Latinos in the U.S. self-identify as Afro-Latino, Afro-Caribbean or of African descent with roots in Latin America.Thank You for Supporting Newlife Prayer Centre & Church.Remember to Click the SUBSCRIBE BUTTON and Hit the Bell icon to stay updated with our latest videos. ...THE apex socio-cultural organisation of Ijaw worldwide, the Ijaw National Congress, INC, has warned pro Biafran group, the Indigenous People of Biafra, to desist from dragging Ijaw nation into its ...Who is considered to be Afro Latino? Although, in the U.S., most people still relate “black” to African American, a 2016 study of the Pew Research Center revealed that 1 out of 4 Latinos in the U.S. self-identify as Afro-Latino, Afro-Caribbean or of African descent with roots in Latin America.A girl during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide. The Biafran Airlift was an international humanitarian relief effort that transported food and medicine to Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War.It was the largest civilian airlift and, after the Berlin airlift of 1948–49, …As well as demanding their colleague's release, some protesters are calling for the establishment of an independent Biafra once again. The protests have resulted in several deaths and Nigerian ...Note: An updated version of this post was published on May 2, 2022. Identity for U.S. Hispanics is multidimensional and multifaceted. For example, many Hispanics tie their identity to their ancestral countries of origin – Mexico, Cuba, Peru or the Dominican Republic. They may also look to their indigenous roots.Among the many ways Hispanics … The Republic of Biafra. This section addresses the basic events of the secessionist period in Nigeria. The primary sources presented here are almost exclusively items that were published or stated during the 1966-1970 period. This evidence includes speeches of leaders, government pronouncements, newspaper accounts and international reactions. 1,788 Followers, 60 Following, 176 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from BeAfro Ent ⚡️ (@beafro_)Energy is everything and the people showed out on Friday, July 8th, 2022! Afrobeat flared in with hiphop vibes and majestic energy filled Myth in San Jose, ...Land of the Rising Sun. Die Republik Biafra war ein Staat, der 1967 unter Federführung der Volksgruppe der Igbo (veraltet Ibo) die Unabhängigkeit von Nigeria erklärte. Der Staat umfasste den südöstlichen Teil Nigerias einschließlich großer Erdölvorkommen im Nigerdelta und wurde von vier afrikanischen Staaten sowie von Haiti anerkannt.The PM's Corner. Public Service broadcast from Office of the Prime Minister of the Biafra Government in Exile (BGIE) To all Biafrans in the homeland and in diaspora. There comes a time in the life of a people when their physical survival, dignity, fundamental human rights, and indeed the very essence of their being endowed on them by their ....

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